Physics Syllabus for JAMB UTME

New free Physics Syllabus for JAMB UTME Entrance Examination into Tertiary Institutions from Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB) for Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (UTME) by Association of Tutorial School Operators (ATSO) available free download PDF-Schemeofwork.com

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UTME Physics Syllabus for JAMB Syllabus for JAMB UTME Subjects Links

Comprehensive Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (UTME) Tutorial Syllabus for Physics.

UTME Physics Syllabus for JAMB

It cover the official UTME syllabus topics for Physics twenty-two (22) weeks tutorials plan. It provides the teachers/tutors with a comprehensive approach to covering the UTME curriculum and yet comprehensible topic outlines for the students. It enhances quality teaching for tutors and provides an all-inclusive learning scope and excellence-oriented drift for students.

WEEK D	SESSION TOPICS CONTENTS	CLASS OBJECTIVES
WEEK 1	MEASUREMENTS AND UNITS; Length, area and volume: Meter rule, vernier caliper, micrometer screw gauge, measuring cylinder.Mass; unit of mass, uses of simple beam balance; concept of beam balance.Time, unit of time, time measuring devices.Fundamental physical quantitiesDerived physical quantities and their units, combination of fundamental quantities and determination of their units; deduce the units of derived physical quantities;Dimension; definition off dimensions, simple examples.Limitations of experimental measurements; accuracy of measuring instruments; simple estimation of errors; standard form.Measurement, position, distance and displacement; concept of displacement, distinction between distance and displacement, concept of position and coordinates, frame of reference. SCALARS AND VECTORS; Definition of scalar and vector quantities; examples of scalar and vector quantities, relative velocity, resolution of vectors into two perpendicular directions including graphical methods of solution	*At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* Identify the units of length, area and volume; Use different measuring instruments; Identify the unit of mass, unit of time Use strings, meter ruler and engineering calipers, vernier calipers and micrometer, screw gauge. Note the degree of accuracy; Plot a graph and draw inference from the graph. *At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* Distinguish between scalar and vector quantities; Determine the resultant of two or more vectors; Determine relative velocity; Use graphical methods to solve vector problems.
WEEK 2	MOTION Types of motion; translational, oscillatory, rotational, spin and random.Relative motion.Causes of motion.Types of force; contact, force field.Linear motion; speed, velocity and acceleration; equations of uniformly accelerated motion; motion under gravity; distance-time graph and velocity time graph Projectiles; calculation of range, maximum height and time of flight from the ground and a height; applications of projectile motionNewton`s laws of motion; inertia, mass and force; relationship between mass and acceleration; impulse and momentum; force-time graph; conservation of linear momentum. FRICTION	*At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* Identify different types of motion; Solve numerical problem on collinear motion; Identify force as cause of motion; Identify push and pull as forms of force; Solve problems of motion under gravity; Solve problems involving projectile motion;

	Static and dynamic friction; coefficient of limiting friction and its determination.Advantages and disadvantages of friction.Reduction of friction.Qualitative treatment of viscosity and terminal velocity and Stoke’s law.	*At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* Differentiate between static and dynamic friction; Determine the coefficient of limiting friction; Compare the advantages and disadvantages of friction; Suggest ways by which friction can be reduced; Discuss factors that affect viscosity and terminal velocity; Apply Stoke’s law.
WEEK 3	WORK, ENERGY AND POWER Definition of work, energy and power; forms of energy; conservation of energy; qualitative treatment between different forms of energy; interpretation of area under the force- distance curve.Energy and society; sources of energy; renewable and non-renewable energy e. g coal, crude oil, sun, wind e. t. c; uses of energy.Dams and energy production; location of dams, energy production.Nuclear energy,Solar energy; solar collector, solar panel for energy supply. SIMPLE MACHINES Definition of simple machines;Types of machines; Mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency of machines. Motion in a circle; angular velocity and angular acceleration; centripetal and centrifugal forces; relationship between simple harmonic motion *(S.H.M is treated intensively later)*	*At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* Differentiate between work, energy and power; Solve numerical problems in work, energy and power. Identify methods of energy transition. Identify energy uses in their immediate environment; State different forms of energy conversion. *At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* Identify different types of simple machines; Solve problems involving velocity ratio and efficiency of machines. Discuss the energy changes occurring during S.H.M;
WEEK 4	GRAVITATIONAL FIELD Newton`s law of universal gravitation;gravitational potential;conservative and non-conservative fields;acceleration due to gravityVariation of gravity on the earth surface;Distinction between mass and weight escape velocity;Parking orbit and weightlessness. ELASTICITY; HOOKE`S LAW AND YOUNG`S MODULUS Elastic limit, yield point, breaking point,The spring balance as a device for measuring force; Work done per unit volume in springs and elastic strings;	*At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* Identify the expression for gravitational force between two bodies; Apply newton`s law of universal gravitation; Give examples of conservative and non- conservative fields; Differentiate between mass and weight; Determine escape velocity. *At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* Interpret force- extension curves; Interpret Hooke`s law and young`s modulus of a material; Use spring balance to measure force; Determine the work done in spring and elastic strings.
WEEK 5	EQUILIBRUM OF FORCES Equilibrium of particles; equilibrium of coplanar forces, triangles and polygon of forces, Lami’s theorem Principle of moments; moment of a force, simple treatment of moment of a couple (torque), applicationsCondition for equilibrium of rigid bodies under the action of parallel and non-parallel forcesCentre of gravity and stability; stable, unstable and neutral equilibria.	*At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* Apply the conditions for the equilibrium of coplanar forces to solve problems; Use Lami`s theorem to solve problems Determine moment of a force and couple; Determine resultant and equilibrant of forces; Differentiate between stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium.

WEEK 6 NOV 11^TH – NOV 15^TH	GAS LAWS Boyle`s law (isothermal process)Charles’ law (isobaric process)Pressure law (volumetric process)Absolute zero of temperatureGeneral gas equationIdeal gas equation PV= nRTVan der Waal gas. STRUCTURE OF MATTER AND KINETIC THEORY Molecular nature of matter; atoms and molecules; molecular theory: explanation of Brownian motion, diffusion, surface tension, capillarity, adhesion, cohesion and angle of contact; examples and applicationsKinetic theory; assumptions of the kinetic theory; using the theory to explain the pressure exerted by gas, Boyle’s law, Charles’ law, melting, boiling, vapourization, change in temperature, evaporation, etc.	*At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* Interpret the gas laws; Use expression of these laws to solve numerical problems. *At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* Differentiate between atoms and molecules; Use molecular theory to explain Brownian motion, diffusion, surface tension, capillary, adhesion, cohesion and area of contact. Examine the assumption of kinetic theory; Interpret kinetic theory, the pressure exerted by gas, Boyle’s law, Charles’ law, melting, boiling, vapourization, change in temperature, evaporation, etc.
WEEK 7	PRESSURE Atmospheric pressure; definition of atmospheric pressure; units of pressure [S.I] units [Pa]; measurement of pressure; simple mercury barometer, aneroid barometer and manometer, variation of pressure with height; the use of barometer as an altimeter.Pressure in liquid; the relationship between pressure, depth and density; transmission of pressure in liquids; application.	*At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* Recognize the S.I units of pressure (Pa); Identify pressure instruments Apply the principle of transmission of pressure in liquids to solve problems. Determine and apply the principle.
WEEK 8	LIQUID AT REST Determination of density of solids and liquids.Definition of relative density.Upthrust on a body immersed in a liquid.Archimedes` principle and law of floatation and application, e. g ships and hydrometers. VAPOURS Unsaturated and saturated vapour Relationship between saturated vapour pressure (S.V.P) and boiling;Determination of S.V.P by barometer tube method;Formation of dew point, mist, fog, and rain;Study of dew point, humidity and relative humidityHygrometer; estimation of the humidity of the atmosphere using wet and dry bulb hygrometers.	*At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* Distinguish between density and relative density of substances; Determine the upthrust on a body immersed in a liquid; Apply Archimedes` principles and law of floatation to solve problems. *At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated vapours; Relate saturated vapour pressure to boiling point; Determine S.V.P by barometer tube method; Differentiate between dew point, humidity and relative humidity; Estimate the humidity of the atmosphere using wet and dry bulb hydrometers. Solve numerical problems
WEEK 9	TEMPERATURE AND ITS MEASUREMENT Concept of temperature.Thermometric properties.Calibration of thermometersTemperature scales- CELSIUS AND KELVIN.Types of thermometers.Conversion from one scale of temperature to another.	*At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* Identify thermometric properties of materials that are used for different thermometers. Calibrate thermometer. Differentiate between temperature scales e. g Celsius and kelvin; Compare the types of thermometers;

	THERMAL EXPANSION Solid; definition and determination of linear, volume and area expansivities; effects and applications, e.g expansion in buildings strips and railway lines; relationship between different expansivities. Liquid; volume expansivity; real and apparent expansivities; anomalous expansion of water.	Convert from one scale of temperature to another. *At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* Determine linear and volume expansivities; Assess the effects and applications of thermal expansivities; discuss the anomalous expansion of water; determine the volume, apparent, and real expansivities of liquids.
WEEK 10	QUANTITY OF HEAT Definition of heat capacity and specific heat capacity of solids and liquids.Determination of heat capacity and specific heat capacity of substances by simple methods e. g method of mixtures and electrical method and Newton’s law of cooling. CHANGE OF STATE Latent heat;Specific latent heats of fusion and vaporization;Melting, evaporation and boiling.The influence of pressure and of dissolved substances on boiling and melting points.Application in appliances.	*At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* Differentiate between heat capacity and specific heat capacity; Determine heat capacity and specific heat capacity using simple methods; Examine some numerical problems. *At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* Differentiate between latent heat and specific latent heat of fusion and vaporization Examine the effect of pressure and of dissolved substance on boiling and melting points.
WEEK 11	HEAT TRANSFER	*At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are*
		*expected to know how to;*
	Conduction, convention and radiation as modes of heat transfer.Temperature gradient, thermal conductivity and heat fluxEffect of the nature of the surface on the energy radiated and absorbed by it.The conductivities of common materialsThe thermos flaskLand and sea breeze.Engines	Differentiate between conduction, convention and radiation as modes of heat transfer; Solve problems on temperature gradient, thermal conductivity and heat flux; Assess the effect of the nature of the surface on the energy radiated and absorbed by it; Compare the conductivities of common materials Relate the component part of the working of the
		thermos flask;
		Differentiate between land and sea breeze. Analyse the principles of operating internal
		combustion jet engines, rockets
CHRISTMAS & NEW YEAR HOLIDAYS
WEEK 12	WAVES Production and propagation; wave motion, vibrating systems as source of waves, waves as mode of energy transfer; distinction between particle motion and wave motion, relationships such as (𝑉 = 𝑓𝜆), phase difference, wave number and wave vector, progressive wave equation e.g 𝑌 = 𝐴 sin 2𝜋 (𝑣𝑡 ± 𝑥) 𝜆 (ii) classification; types of waves; mechanical and electromagnetic waves; longitudinal and transverse waves, stationary and progressive waves, examples of waves from springs, ropes, stretched strings and the ripple tank. (iii) characteristic/properties; reflection, refraction, diffraction and plane polarization, superposition of waves e. g interference, Beats, Doppler effects (qualitative only)	*At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* Interpret wave motion; Use waves as mode of energy transfer; Determine phase difference;

WEEK 13	SOUND WAVES Propagation of Sound waves; the necessity for a material medium; speed of sound in solids, liquids and air; Reflection of sound (echoes, reverberation and their applications), disadvantages of echoes and reverberations. Noise and musical notes;Quality, pitch, intensity and loudness and their application to musical instruments;Simple treatment of harmonics and overtones produced by vibrating strings and their columns 𝐹 = 1 √𝑇 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, (𝜇 = 𝑚⁄𝑙) 𝑜 2𝐿 𝜇 Acoustic example of resonance;Frequency of a note emitted by air column in closed and open pipes in relation to their length.	*At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;*
WEEK 14	LIGHT ENERGY (a) Sources of Light: natural and artificial sources of lightluminous and non-luminous objects (b) Propagation of light speed, frequency and wavelength of lightformation of shadows and eclipsethe pin-hole camera. Reflection of Light at Plane and Curved Surfaces laws of reflection.application of reflection of lightformation of images by plane, concave and convex mirrors and ray diagramsuse of the mirror formula 1 1 1 𝑓 = 𝑢 + 𝑣 linear magnification	*At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* compare the natural and artificial sources of light;differentiate between luminous and non-luminous objects;relate the speed, frequency and wavelength of light;interpret the formation of shadows and eclipses;solve problems using the principle of operation of a pin-hole camera. *At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* interpret the laws of reflection;illustrate the formation of images by plane, concave and convex mirrors;apply the mirror formula to solve optical problems;determine the linear magnification;apply the laws of reflection of light to the working of periscope, kaleidoscope and the sextant.
WEEK 15	Refraction of Light Through at Plane and Curved Surfaces explanation of refraction in terms of velocity of light in the media.laws of refraction definition of refractive index of a medium determination of refractive index of glass and liquid using Snell’s law real and apparent depth and lateral displacementcritical angle and total internal reflection (b) Glass Prism use of the minimum deviation formula sin [𝐴 + 𝐷 ] 𝑈 = 2 sin 𝐴] [2 type of lensesuse of lens formula 1 1 1 𝑓 = 𝑢 + 𝑣 and Newton’s formular (𝐹2 = 𝑎𝑏) magnification	*At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* interpret the laws of refraction;determine the refractive index of glass and liquid using Snell’s law;determine the refractive index using the principle of real and apparent depth;determine the conditions necessary for total internal reflection;examine the use of periscope, prism, binoculars, optical fibre;apply the principles of total internal reflection to the formation of mirage;use of lens formula and ray diagrams to solve optical numerical problems;determine the magnification of an imagecalculate the refractive index of a glass prism using minimum deviation formula.

	Optical Instruments the principles of microscopes, telescopes, projectors, cameras and the human eye (physiological details of the eye are not required)power of a lensangular magnificationnear and far pointssight defects and their corrections	*At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* apply the principles of operation of optical instruments to solve problems;distinguish between the human eye and the cameras;calculate the power of a lens;evaluate the angular magnification of optical instruments;determine the near and far points;detect sight defects and their corrections.
WEEK 16	Dispersion of light and colours dispersion of white light by a triangular prismproduction of pure spectrumcolour mixing by addition and subtractioncolour of objects and colour filters (v)rainbow (b)electgromagnetic spectrum (i) description of sources and uses of various types of radiation. ELECTROSTATICS existence of positive and negative charges in mattercharging a body by friction, contact and inductionelectroscopeCoulomb’s inverse square law, electric field and potentialelectric field intensity and potential differenceelectric discharge and lightning	*At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* identify primary colours and obtain secondary colours by mixing;understand the formation of rainbowdeduces why objects have colours;relate the expression for gravitational force between two bodies;apply Newton’s law of universal gravitation;analyse colours using colour filtersanalyse the electromagnetic spectrum in relation to their wavelengths, sources, detection and uses *At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* identify charges;examine uses of an electroscope;apply Coulomb’s square law of electrostatics to solve problems;deduce expressions for electric field intensity and potential difference;identify electric field flux patterns of isolated and interacting charges;analyse the distribution of charges on a conductor and how it is used in lightening conductors.
WEEK 17	CAPACITORS Types and functions of capacitors parallel plate capacitors capacitance of a capacitor the relationship between capacitance, area separation of plates and medium between the plates. 𝐶 = 𝜀𝐴 𝑑 capacitors in series and parallel energy stored in a capacitor ELECTRIC CELLS simple voltaic cell and its defects;Daniel cell, Leclanche cell (wet and dry)lead –acid accumulator and Nickel-Iron (Nife) Lithium lron and Mercury cadmium maintenance of cells and batteries (detail treatment of the chemistry of a cell is not required arrangement of cells Efficiency of a cell	*At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* determine uses of capacitors;analyse parallel plate capacitors;determine the capacitance of a capacitor;analyse the factors that affect the capacitance of a capacitor;solve problems involving the arrangement of capacitor;determine the energy stored in capacitors *At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* identify the defects of the simple voltaic cell and their correctioncompare different types of cells including solar cell;compare the advantages of Lead-acid and Nickel iron accumulator;solve problems involving series and parallel combination of cells.

WEEK 18	CURRENT ELECTRICITY electromagnetic force (emf), potential difference (p.d.), current, internal resistance of a cell and lost Volt Ohm’s law measurement of resistance meter bridge resistance in series and in parallel and their combination the potentiometer method of measuring emf, current and internal resistance of a cell. (v) electrical networks ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND POWER concepts of electrical energy and power commercial unit of electric energy and power electric power transmission heating effects of electric current.electrical wiring of houses use of fuses	*At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* differentiate between emf, p.d., current and internal resistant of a cell;apply Ohm’s law to solve problems;use metre bridge to calculate resistance;compute effective total resistance of both parallel and series arrangement of resistors;determine the resistivity and the conductivity of a conductor;measure emf. current and internal resistance of a cell using the potentiometer.identify the advantages of the potentiometerapply kirchoff’s law in electrical networks *At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* apply the expressions of electrical energy and power to solve problems;analyse how power is transmitted from the power station to the consumer;identify the heating effects of current and its uses;identify the advantages of parallel arrangement over seriesdetermine the fuse rating
WEEK 19	MAGNETS AND MAGNETIC FIELDS natural and artificial magnets magnetic properties of soft iron and steel methods of making magnets and demagnetization concept of magnetic field magnetic field of a permanent magnet magnetic field round a straight current carrying conductor, circular wire and solenoid properties of the earth’s magnetic field; north and south poles, magnetic meridian and angle of dip and declination flux and flux density variation of magnetic field intensity over the earth’s surface applications: earth’s magnetic field in navigation and mineral exploration. FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD quantitative treatment of force between two parallel current- carrying conductors force on a charge moving in a magnetic field;the d. c. motor electromagnets carbon microphone moving coil and moving iron instruments conversion of galvanometers to ammeters and voltmeter using shunts and multipliers	*At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* give examples of natural and artificial magnets differentiate between the magnetic properties of soft iron and steel;identify the various methods of making magnets and demagnetizing magnets;describe how to keep a magnet from losing its magnetism;determine the flux pattern exhibited when two magnets are placed together pole to pole determine the flux of a current carrying conductor, circular wire and solenoid including the polarity of the solenoid;determine the flux pattern of a magnet placed in the earth’s magnetic fields;identify the magnetic elements of the earth’s flux;determine the variation of earth’s magnetic field on the earth’s surface;examine the applications of the earth’s magnetic field. *At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* determine the direction of force on a current carrying conductor using Fleming’s left-hand rule;interpret the attractive and repulsive forces between two parallel current-carrying conductors using diagrams;determine the relationship between the force, magnetic field strength, velocity and the angle through which the charge enters the field;interpret the working of the d. c. motor;

	(viii) sensitivity of a galvanometer	analyse the principle of electromagnets and give examples of its application;compare moving iron and moving coil instruments;convert a galvanometer into an ammeter or a voltmeter.identify the factors affecting the sensitivity of a galvanometer
WEEK 20	ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic inductionfactors affecting induced emfLenz’s law as an illustration of the principle of conservation of energya.c. and d.c generatorstransformersthe induction coil (b) Inductance explanation of inductanceunit of inductanceenergy stored in an inductor 𝐸 = 1 𝐿𝐼² 2 application/uses of inductors Eddy Current reduction of eddy currentapplications of eddy current	*At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* interpret the laws of electromagnetic induction;identify factors affecting induced emf;recognize how Lenz’s law illustrates principle of conservation of energy;interpret the diagrammatic set up of A. C. generators;identify the types of transformer; vi. examine principles of operation of transformers;assess the functions of an induction coil;draw some conclusions from the principles of operation of an induction coil;interpret the inductance of an inductor;recognize units of inductance;calculate the effective total inductance in series and parallel arrangement;deduce the expression for the energy stored in an inductor;examine the applications of inductors;describe the method by which eddy current losses can be reduced.determine ways by which eddy currents can be used.
WEEK 21	SIMPLE A. C. CIRCUITS explanation of a.c. current and voltagepeak and r.m.s. valuesa.c. source connected to a resistor;a.c source connected to a capacitor- capacitive reactancea.c source connected to an inductor inductive reactanceseries R-L-C circuitsvector diagram, phase angle and power factorresistance and impedance \(ix) effective voltage in an R-L-C circuits (x) resonance and resonance frequency 𝐹 = 1 𝑜 2𝜋√𝐿𝐶 CONDUCTION OF ELECTRICITY THROUGH (a) liquids electrolytes and non-electrolyteconcept of electrolysisFaraday’s laws of electrolysisapplication of electrolysis, e.g electroplating, calibration of ammeter etc. (b) gases	*At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* identify a.c. current and d.c. voltagedifferentiate between the peak and r.m.s. values of a.c.;determine the phase difference between current and voltageinterpret series R-L-C circuits;analyse vector diagrams;calculate the effective voltage, reactance and impedance;recognize the condition by which the circuit is at resonance;determine the resonant frequency of R-L-C arrangement;determine the instantaneous power, average power and the power factor in a. c. circuits *At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* distinguish between electrolytes and non- electrolytes;analyse the processes of electrolysisapply Faraday’s laws of electrolysis to solve problems;analyse discharge through gases;determine some applications/uses of conduction of electricity through gases.

	discharge through gases (qualitative treatment only)application of conduction of electricity through gases
WEEK 22 MAR 17^TH -21^ST	ELEMENTARY MODERN PHYSICS models of the atom and their limitationselementary structure of the atom;energy levels and spectrathermionic and photoelectric emissions;Einstein’s equation and stopping potentialapplications of thermionic emissions and photoelectric effectssimple method of production of x-raysproperties and applications of alpha, beta and gamma rayshalf-life and decay constantsimple ideas of production of energy by fusion and fissionbinding energy, mass defect and Einstein’s Energy equation [Δ𝐸 = Δ𝑚𝑐²] wave-particle paradox (duality of matter)electron diffractionthe uncertainty principle INTRODUCTORY ELECTRONICS distinction between metals, semiconductors and insulators (elementary knowledge of band gap is required)intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors;uses of semiconductors and diodes in rectification and transistors in amplificationn-type and p-type semiconductorselementary knowledge of diodes and transistors	*At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* identify the models of the atom and write their limitations;describe elementary structure of the atom;differentiate between the energy levels and spectra of atoms;compare thermionic emission and photoelectric emission;apply Einstein’s equation to solve problems of photoelectric effect.calculate the stopping potential;relate some application of thermionic emission and photoelectric effects;interpret the process involved in the production of x-rays. ix identify some properties and applications of x- rays analyse elementary radioactivitydistinguish between stable and unstable nuclei;identify isotopes of an element;compare the properties of alpha, beta and gamma rays;relate half-life and decay constant of a radioactive element;determine the binding energy, mass defect and Einstein’s energy equation;analyse wave particle duality;solve some numerical problems based on the uncertainty principle and wave – particle duality *At the end of this topic(s), tutorial students are expected to know how to;* differentiate between conductors, semi- conductors and insulators;distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors;distinguish between electron and hole carriers;distinguish between n-type and p-type semiconductor;analyse diodes and transistorrelate diodes to rectification and transistor to amplification.